Heat Balance Diagram for Thermal Power Stations By Sonal Kulshreshtha

What is Heat Balance Diagram?

Heat Balance Diagram or HBD for Thermal Power Station is the basically schematic representation of the whole steam cycle from Boiler to High Pressure (HP) Turbines Intermediate Pressure (IP) Turbines and Low Pressure (LP) Turbines to condenser to pumps to re-heaters and again to boiler.

This diagram also contains some information of steam properties like Pressure Temperature, enthalpy and mass of the steam at every junction of the line.

What information the HBD has?

As mentioned above, Heat Balance Diagram or HBD has the heat equation at points before and after every component. Considering the first point after the boiler, knowing the steam properties, pressure and temperatures, other properties like enthalpy of the steam can also be determined. Knowing the efficiencies and considerations like pressure drop across the control valves, these properties along the cycle can be determined, thus the heat rate of the system. With help of heat rate, the mass of steam required can be determined.

Why it is important?

Heat Balance Diagram is generally one of the first produced diagrams and part of Process Control Diagrams(PCDs), by an engineering wing or consultancy while working on the specifications of the project (power plant). HBD helps to engineer the plant by way of providing the steam properties at different point across the steam cycle, thus providing vital information, helpful to design the whole system and supporting systems. In a way this diagram is critical to finalize the specifications of different components before initiating the bidding procedures by the consultants, especially working on EPC assignments.

HBD, in fact also helps in estimating the cost of the plant as well as it provides the heat rate, operational cost can also be estimated. Knowing the both costs, it is easier to decide on refining the specifications of components (comparing initial investments as well as the operational costs), before bidding process, as mentioned above.

Usually there has been no ways for the project owner to comment on the consultants decision about the specifications. Mostly it has to be dependent on individual discretion and experience and expertise. However, recently some software solutions have come to provide support to engineers, which can simulate the Heat Balance Diagram for engineers to understand the process in a better way and not only to comment over the design provided by consultants, but also provide an opportunity to increase the operating efficiencies, resulting into significant saving in operational costs. Some of such commercial software which are based on Rankine cycle are "Simple Heat Balance", Thermoflow, FCycle (All from different vendors) are now available which are quite accurate and affordable.

We are working for improving efficiency in Power Sector [http://greensync.co.in/Power.html], in other sectors through Energy Auditing. For more information mail us to info@greensync.co.in. For information about Simple Heat Balance software click here [http://greensync.co.in/Power1_Design.html].

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/expert/Sonal_Kulshreshtha/1161455

Why We Must Quit Using Coal to Generate Electric Power

By Simon Lamberton

It is a fact that that coal and oil reserves are running out. Oil and coal reserves are discovered in large deposits deep underground or under the sea floor, but the largest of these oil and coal supplies have been completely tapped and it is becoming harder and harder to find new sources. The most important thing about fossil fuels is that they are finite. Once we've taken all of the oil and coal we can from the ground then there isn't any more.

Oil and coal are getting increasingly difficult to uncover, and eventually it is going to get to the point where the price of extracting it will become prohibitively high. It will not be long before oil and coal shall no longer be a practical method for powering our society.

Society is slowly but surely recognizing the very real likelihood of running out of fossil fuel within the century. As well as this, the release of hydrocarbons into the atmosphere is thought to be causing climate change. Obviously relying on classic fuels is not an option.

The cost of extracting coal and oil is showing up in increasing energy prices, both in the cost of refined fuels like gas and diesel, but additionally in the costs of electric power. A large proportion of power is produced by burning coal, which is used to create the steam to drive the generators that produce electricity.

There are many alternative ways of producing energy, and these power sources are infinite. Some of the most well-known ones are wind and solar.

Solar energy, coming straight from the sun, is among the most practical energy sources. The energy might be utilized directly as heat, or via the usage of photovoltaic cells it can be transformed into power. The technology behind solar energy is improving continuously and it is starting to become a viable alternative.

Wind power has been captured for 100's of years and put to use by man. For 100's of years we explored the seas making use of nothing but wind power. Our ancestors also learned how to utilize the wind to power windmills, and make use of that direct motion to smash grain or pump water among other varied uses. Recently, since the breakthrough discovery of magnetic induction by Michael Faraday in the early 19th century, wind power is able to be converted into electrical power.

Wind energy is genuinely a practical source of electrical power. Proof of this is found in the massive amount of money being invested in windfarms by power utilities and governments around the globe.

However, making use of alternative sources of energy does not need to take place on a massive scale. A lot of people are employing alternate energy technology in their own homes. Probably the most frequent method seen today are solar power panels being put into use for heating water and providing electrical energy.

More people today are looking to home windmills to create their own electric power. Even though there are a lot of really expensive choices when it comes to building home windmills, there are also d-i-y options that can help you to generate electrical power and lessen your reliance on the power grid.

Simon Lamberton is a bit of a greenie, and loves assisting individuals bust out of the norm. It is possible to reduce your dependence on fossil fuel, and start making your own electric power, and home windmills are a truly excellent method to achieve this.

Learn more about how to build a home windmill.

Article Source: https://EzineArticles.com/expert/Simon_Lamberton/710967

Interesting Wind Power Facts - Compare to Coal and Oil Facts

By S. G. Fegan

One of the reasons wind power is being pushed by the environmentalists as one of the best substitutes for petroleum products is that you can find it everywhere, just walk outdoors and you have wind. It is an instant renewable resource at your fingertips. Other interesting wind power facts that provide even better reasons are that it is clean, no by-products, fewer green house emissions.

For some reason people would prefer to have thousands of tons of coal being burned sending carbon emissions into the atmosphere and buying even thousands of barrels of oil mostly from foreign countries who can jack up the price at will. They would prefer this than to having windmill farms in open areas nearby. They claim they are worried about the effect on the environment! The energy used to build these thing is minimal compared to what is being burned each day!

In that vein, here are some interesting wind power facts that demonstrate how much:

• A kilowatt-hour is how much electrical energy is used in one hour at the constant rate of one kilowatt. An average home in the United States will use about 8,900 kilowatt-hours of electricity each year. A 1 megawatt (1 million kW) wind turbine, will provides energy to 650 households.
• In order to get the same 1MW of power that a giant wind turbine produces over 20 years it would take 92,000 barrels of oil, or 29,000 tons of coal.
• Another example of would be the fact that in 2006 in the U.S. as a whole, the wind energy capacity was just shy of 12,000MW. In order to get the same amount of electricity you would be burning 15 million tons of coal!
• You can see why it is surprising anyone would prefer using all that oil and coal when 1 wind turbine on a wind farm can give you the same amount for only the initial cost of installation.
• To make it seem real, wind power can also be used by individuals in the home with smaller wind turbines that range from 5 kW to 15kW. These can be bought through professional renewable energy companies or do-it-yourself kits can be bought to make it a fun project to try at home.
• Most power companies are even willing to buy back any extra electrical energy that was produced by a wind turbine, which can create an even greater savings and contribute to their use of renewable energy.

These are just a few of the interesting wind power facts that might interest anyone looking to add renewable energy resources to their home. Several states, like California and Texas have made great stride in reducing their need of coal and petroleum by producing a capacity of 7000+ MW by wind, and increasing these number each year.

S. G. Fegan maintains a website Cool Energy Projects where you can read more interesting wind power facts, and details on how to bring other sources of renewable energy into your home. Be sure to find access to the Free Renewable Energy and Other Money Saving Secrets For Your Home. Visit http://www.coolenergyprojects.com/ to learn about fun diy projects you could start this weekend!

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/expert/S._G._Fegan/756495

Steam Boiler Tube Leak Detection by Acoustic Monitoring Instruments

Acoustic monitoring Instruments for Boiler tube leakage detection in Thermal Power Plants are cost effective hence must be installed immediately.
Acoustic Instruments may be used to detect early boiler tube leak to avoid secondary damage to pressure parts.Boiler acoustic tube leak detection system must be used as it prevent damage to costly boiler parts and it is very much cost effective.An increase in boiler availability of just one day will more than cover the cost of a leak detection system.




Traditional leak detection system such hearing hissing sound by ear or monitoring feed water flow or furnace vaccum is not much reliable because it can not detect small leak so damage to vital costly equipment of boiler may not be avoided.Writer noticed many instances where thermal power plants boiler allowed to run for long time due to confusion which caused permanent damage to many boiler tubes,refractory and boiler structures.Hence importance of acoustic monitoring leak detection systems sincerely felt .




Acoustic leak detection sensors detect high frequency emmissions from site of leak and Sensitive piezoelectric sensors mounted to the structure transform these acoustic waves to electronic voltage signals, which are amplified, filtered, and processed to determine energy content.




Early detection by acoustic monitoring instruments results in substantial reduction of repair times and costs with a consequent increase in plant availability and profits. The early detection of a bolier tube leak will give financial savings which will easily exceed the initial capital cost of the detection system even at the very first event.




Finally,Acoustic monitoring instruments must be intalled in boilers of thermal power plants.for more details go to


http://www.acousticmonitoring.com/


Acousti monitoring international


p(330)305-1422f(330)494-9822-16707 harbour drive n.w cantou ohio 447


http://www.proconeng.com/mainfiles/boilerleak.html


procon engineering


http://www.triple5industries.com/


http://www.steamleak.com/


know more about boiler tube leakage,avoid clinker formation and furnace explosion


http://boilerdetails.blogspot.com/

Steam Boiler Tube Leak Detection by Acoustic Monitoring Instruments

Acoustic monitoring Instruments for Boiler tube leakage detection in Thermal Power Plants are cost effective hence must be installed immediately.
Acoustic Instruments may be used to detect early boiler tube leak to avoid secondary damage to pressure parts.Boiler acoustic tube leak detection system must be used as it prevent damage to costly boiler parts and it is very much cost effective.An increase in boiler availability of just one day will more than cover the cost of a leak detection system.




Traditional leak detection system such hearing hissing sound by ear or monitoring feed water flow or furnace vaccum is not much reliable because it can not detect small leak so damage to vital costly equipment of boiler may not be avoided.Writer noticed many instances where thermal power plants boiler allowed to run for long time due to confusion which caused permanent damage to many boiler tubes,refractory and boiler structures.Hence importance of acoustic monitoring leak detection systems sincerely felt .




Acoustic leak detection sensors detect high frequency emmissions from site of leak and Sensitive piezoelectric sensors mounted to the structure transform these acoustic waves to electronic voltage signals, which are amplified, filtered, and processed to determine energy content.




Early detection by acoustic monitoring instruments results in substantial reduction of repair times and costs with a consequent increase in plant availability and profits. The early detection of a bolier tube leak will give financial savings which will easily exceed the initial capital cost of the detection system even at the very first event.




Finally,Acoustic monitoring instruments must be intalled in boilers of thermal power plants.for more details go to


http://www.acousticmonitoring.com/


Acousti monitoring international


p(330)305-1422f(330)494-9822-16707 harbour drive n.w cantou ohio 447


http://www.proconeng.com/mainfiles/boilerleak.html


procon engineering


http://www.triple5industries.com/


http://www.steamleak.com/


know more about boiler tube leakage,avoid clinker formation and furnace explosion


http://boilerdetails.blogspot.com/

Cause of clinker formation low GCV,Overfiring,Ash fusion,Mineral contentl,Primary secondary air ratio not proper,outage of soot blower clinker Grinder

Clinker Formation is due to Low GCV of coal,Mineral Content in coal,overfiring,ash fusion but accumulation in Water Wall may be Checked by Poking and Providing sufficient water into hopper for flushing,soot blowing,using clinker grinder and proper firing by proper primary secondary air ratio.


Cause of Clinker formation is high ash content,low GCV and high mineral content in coal but precaution is solution
In India Coal used in Power Plant is of often low quality which has high ash content and low GCV.Mineral content present in coal may increase this problem.In Water Wall ash is fused and stick on it.Presence of minerals content in coal produce very hard lumps of clinker which are very difficult to remove.Such clinkers are removed by pneumatic hammer during shutdown of unit.


To avoid clinker formation we must use good quality of coal which has less ash having high fusion temperature,more GCV and less mineral content in it.soot blowing and clinker grinder must be taken into service.Primary and secondary air ratio must be proper.Overfiring must be avoided.sufficient water must be used to flush slag from boiler hopper.Poking must be continous so that accumulation may be avoided.


If the quality of coal is low then it is not possible to stop clinker formation but we can stop its accumulation in furnace to some extent by proper poking at ash hoppers and providing sufficient amount of water which may flush out fused slag.Precaution is key which may reduce down time of unit.



We must not blame coal quality for clinker formation but our vigilant attitude may stop its accumulation in Furnace.


Always keep watch on regular poking.


Provide sufficient amount of water in hopper which may flush out fused slag.


Firing in Boiler must be proper so there may not be unburnt coal by using right proportion of primary and secondary air.



Fuel oil burners must be properly so there may not be unburnt oil in furnace.Fuel oil firing must be proper.Fuel oil must be properly atomized and steam must be properly charged into oil gun.



Above precaution may avoid chances of clinker formation and its deposition which may result into higher plant load factor.


For national interest we must check fuel firing to avoid unburnt fuel.



http://clinker-formation.blogspot.com/

Thermal Power Plant familarization

Introduction and some facts about large thermal power station.

Boiler is used for steam generation.

Ball Mill or Bowl mills are used for pulverisation of coal in powder form for efficient firing in boiler.

Raw Coal Feeders are used to supply coal to ball mills in controlled quantity.

PA Fan are used to transport and preheat pulverised coal to burners.

ID Fan are used to exhaust flue gases to chimeny and create vaccum in Furnace.

Electrostatic Precipitators are used to separate ash particles from flue gases to control pollution.Here collecting electrode,emmiting electrode and rapping mechanism used.

FD Fan used to provide air to boiler for help in firing.

Steam produced in boiler is further superheated in Superheaters.There are lot superheaters such as platen,pendent,convection and final superheaters.

Boiler drum used for separation of staem from water.

Boiler circulation pump used for forced circulation of water in water wall because at high pressure natural circulation is not possible.

Ash slurry pumps are used to flush ash with water.

Boiler Feed Pump used to provide water to boiler.

Deaerator used to separate dissolved air from water.

In Turbine heat energy of steam is converted into mechanical energy.

ESV which is called emergency stop valve used to stop supply of steam to turbine when unit trips.

Barring gear or shaft turning gear is used to ratate turbinr rotor at 3.15 rpm when turbine is not running to check bending of rotor due to its own weight.

LP Heaters and HP Heaters are used to heat condensate and feed water supplied to boiler to increase efficiency by steam bled from turbine extraction.

Economiser are used to heat feed water by flue gages to increase efficiency. Heat of waste flue gas is utilised here.

Air Heaters uses heat of waste flue gases to preheat primary and secondary air.There are two types of air heaters tubular and rotary.

Condenser used to condence steam exhausted from turbine.

Condensate Pump are used to supply water to Deaerator from condensers.

CW Pump used to cool steam in condensers.

Turbogenerator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

H2 Gas used in generators used for cooling of generators.

Seal Oil system used to seal hydrogen gas from escape from generator.


Stator Water Cooling system provides demineralised water into hollow stator conductor of generator for its cooling.

Generating Tansformer steps up volatage for transmission.

Water Treatment Plant is used to produce demineralised water for steam generation. Cation anion and degassifier tower used to separate mineral and gases from water.PAC or alum used to separate mud and silica from water.

Coal Handling Plant supplies Coal to Boiler.Merry go round system or wagon trippler used to unload coal into hoppers. Coal is crused in crusher to crush it in 25mm size.Magnetic separators used to separate metalic particles from coal.

ABCB,SF6,OCB,MOCB and VCB are circuit breakers used to make or break electricity contact at load.

Isolators are used to make or break contact at no loads.

ABT is availability based tarrif system to maintain grid discipline.

Purging is done to clean furnace from combustible gases by running IDF and FDF at atleast 30% load for 5 minutes.

Furnace explosion may be checked by timely purging and adjusting firing properly using right quantity primary and secondary air and timely oil support.

Flame scanners used to sence flame in boiler.

FSS is furnace safeguards supervisory system to safeguard boiler.

Clinker formation which caused by more ash content and mineral in poor quality coal may be checked by proper poking and using more water for flushing and use of clinker grinder.

Acoustic Instruments used to detect early boilker tube leakage to avoid secondary damage to pressure parts.






Thermal Power Plant Boiler Turbine Turbogenerator ESP
http://tpp-4u.blogspot.com/